|
The Peanut Hole is an area of open ocean at the center of the Sea of Okhotsk. From 1991 to 2014 its status was the subject of international disputes. The Peanut Hole (named for its shape)〔 is an area about wide and long,〔 which is surrounded by Russia's exclusive economic zone (EEZ) extending from the shores of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin Island, and the Russian mainland (Khabarovsk Krai and Magadan Oblast), but is not in Russia's default EEZ because it is more than 200 nautical miles from any coast. EEZ are not areas of sovereignty, but are areas of certain sovereign rights and functional jurisdiction. Since the Peanut Hole was not in the Russian EEZ, any nation could fish there, and some began doing so in large numbers in 1991, removing perhaps as much as one million metric tons of pollock in 1992.〔 This was seen by the Russian Federation as presenting a danger to Russian fish stocks, since the fish move in and out of the Peanut Hole from the Russian EEZ. (This situation is called a "straddling stock".) In 1993, China, Japan, Poland, Russia and South Korea agreed to stop fishing in the Peanut Hole until the pollock stocks recover, but without an agreement on how to proceed after that, while the United Nations Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement, which became effective in 2001, created a framework intended to help implement cooperative management of straddling stocks. The Russian Federation petitioned the United Nations to declare the Peanut Hole to be part of Russia's continental shelf, which would give Russia exclusive economic rights (including fishing, as well as mineral extraction) in the area. In November 2013 a United Nations subcommittee accepted the Russian argument, and in March 2014 the full United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ruled in favor of the Russian Federation, giving practical control of the Peanut Hole to Russia and ending the disputes, although further legal and bureaucratic steps remained to be taken to fully establish the new state of affairs. ==Further reading== * 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peanut Hole」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|